Body Image & the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Body Image & the Media - Essay Example The perception by the media resulted to mental disorder, which are expressed by the way individuals behave, express and respect themselves. Media, therefore, have the tendency of creating new cultural beliefs and behavior in the society. Appearance is sometimes deceptive. The author demonstrates bluntly the major factor that influences the perception of individual appearance and the acceptable and modest body size. Since 1950s, advertisement and television programs have created a dramatic impact on the American society in terms of mode of dressing and insight regarding the humanity. In this perceptive, the influence of the media destroyed various cultures in the society and eschewing a new culture with its own perception, social constructed roles and behavior of individuals based on their gender or sex. The article identified that for decades, the American society has been bombarded with media driven depictions. The major concept that drives the depiction is what constitutes as the acceptable female behavior and characteristic as well as male desired traits and behaviors. Media have great influence on the mental image of females as a thin body image as depicted by the fashion models. There is accentuation on the mer its and attractiveness of large breast. In males, media altered the accepted image of a male to a tall, slender and masculine body. The impacts of media on the American society have generated an intriguing argument by various scholars and authorities. Parents, cultural critics and medical authority for decades have criticized the marketing ability of media on the perception of human being and mental health of the American society. In this perspective, the socio-cultural standards of feminine beauty have been presented in all manners of media demonstrating women with image that is considered as being the ideal body. Media creates a flaw mental image assimilated by media-driven culture. The images used for

The Taliban Essay Example for Free

The Taliban Essay In the early 80s two different authors have differs originating background of the Taliban. One was as a group of people that arose to combat the cruel, unjust killings and raping vices that took place when a family was on a journey. The second author reported the intervention of Taliban group was in response to â€Å"Afghanistan Transit Trade† group of mafia, who illegally extort citizens on transit. The Taliban arose to disrupt these bandits across all roads and the Afghanistan government. The Taliban are a people in support of â€Å"Sunni Islamist movement† led by Mr. Mohammed Mullah Omar. The leader was disarmed by collective military forces in Northern and NATO countries (Quote). Prior to his removal, Mullah Omar was a teacher and a military subgroup head. The Taliban has majorly Pashtuns ethnicity. They gathered from southern part of Afghanistan, Western region Pakistan, Europe, and China. The Taliban group gets part of their support, training and arms from the Pakistani State (Jalali, 2008). The Taliban cultural ideology is such an extreme. They practice a severe form of sharia law termed â€Å"Pashtun tribal codes†. The source been the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam organization in Pakistan. The law ban and sanction various activities. They are considered anti-Islam. They respond in raising Jihad against defaulters. Their rulings dominate the infiltrated Afghanistan, constituting over 40%. They still left other traditions undisturbed despite the tribal codes. The Taliban’s reviewed Islamic doctrine spread to Muslim practices in some parts of the world. These doctrines regulate the people’s ways of life, the dress codes for men and women (Dupree, Nancy, 2001). About the Government, the Taliban holds no election of officers into office, no political grouping. The leaders are chosen by made to predecessor and made to sworn to an oath of allegiance prepared over sixty years ago. The officials earn no salary but receive just food, clothes, arms and shoes. They proclaim to maintain the live led by old Muslim Prophet. They added that Jihad is a right so it must be fought with their blood. Jihad is a holy war against unbelievers who blaspheme. Their ministers have â€Å"madrassa† educational background. The women are treated with huge restriction. They cannot wear exposed cloths, they only take cab with close relative company, they do not wash at the stream bank, they do not do any work order than being a medical officer to treat and examine female only. They live with darkened windows; they are not permitted to receive primary education. Violation of these laws leads to severe beating up. Other notable activities banned in 1996 by the Taliban government are shaving of beards, western hairstyles, music/dancing at weddings, not praying at prayer times (Dupree, Nancy, 2001). Osama Bin Laden from Sudan arrived Afghanistan with no invitation and was able to form alliance with the Taliban. In 1997, the Taliban’s harsh doctrines, war crimes, terrorism acts and inhuman behavior towards local troops resulted in the killings of Taliban’s troops by the Northern Alliance. They did avenge, killing thousands of civilians and created more international scene. In 2001, the Taliban were away from most of the Afghanistan through a concerted effort by both US and Northern Alliance forces. Presently they do not have control in Afghanistan ad before but they go all round in avenging the brutality against their doctrine and people. They are suicide bombers we here of day by day on television. They are said to be violating human right, killing non-combatants civilian. References Jalali, Ali A. Grau, Lester W. (March, 2008), â€Å"Whither the Taliban?†, The Cyber-Caravan, http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/990306-taliban.htm Dupree Hatch, Nancy. Afghan Women under the Taliban in Maley, William. Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban. London: Hurst and Company, 2001, pp. 145-166 M. J. Gohari (2000). The Taliban: Ascent to Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 108-110

Improving Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC)

Improving Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) Suppression of recombination channels of Dye-sensitized solar cells made of SnO2 using core shell structure of SiO2 extracted from rice husk N. F. Ajward, D.L.N. Jayathilaka, J.C.N. Rajendra and V.P.S.Perera Introduction Dye sensitized solar cells (DSC) are one of the most promising types of solar cells for next generation of solar cell technology that has power conversion efficiency as high as 12% (Nazeeruddin et al., 2011). Compared with conventional silicon photovoltaics, DSSCs offer the cost savings in the materials and a range of solution deposition methods for device manufacture. However, there are still many challenges to be met before DSCs can truly compete with current silicon solar cell technology. Device efficiency, stability and lifetimes and scalable methods for device fabrication are the key issues in this field of research. A lot of work has been done to improve efficiency of DSSCs taking different avenues, which includes increasing the surface area of the metal oxide, developing new dyes with broad absorption spectra, suppressing the recombination channels and introducing light-scattering materials in the film. Utilization of mesoporous film made of nano particles of titania for DSSC is the imperative innovation made by Gratzel and co-workers in 1991 to achieve high efficiencies (Regan B O and Gratzel M., 1991). After that it was realized the possibility to achieving high efficiencies even with other high band gap semiconductors such as SnO2 and ZnO made in nano range (Bergeron et al., 205, Keis et al., 2002). However DSSCs of high efficiencies comparable to that made of TiO2 films has been achieved with other high band gap semiconductor films made in the form of composites (Niinobe et al., 2005]. The improvement is principally accepted as the suppression of recombination of germinated charge carriers due to passivation of trap states and charge carrier confinement. Materials such as Al2O3, MgO, and ZrO2 have been used previously as barrier layers in DSSCs, but no record available for the use of SiO2 for the same purpose (Kay and Grà ¤tzel, 2002). But SiO2 particles have been used to scatter light in TiO2 films of DSScs. In this research work we improved the performance of DSSCs by introducing thin barrier layer of SiO2 surrounding the SnO2 crystallite to prevent recombination of charge carriers in the diffusion assisted transportation. Here the thin barrier of insulating material enhance the lifetime of germinated charge carriers of DSSC so as to improve the efficiency. Methodology Rice hHusks (RH) of BG 300 rice variety was collected and initially washed with tap water to remove soils and dirt. It was further washed with distilled water and dried at 120 ËÅ ¡C. The dried RH will bewas fully burnt to white ash at around 700ËÅ ¡C in a muffle furnace and the Rrice husk Husk ash Ash (RHA) was collected. which is white in colour. Extraction of Silica Aforementioned dried RHA was refluxed with 2M HCl and thoroughly washed with distilled water and dried. 10 g of the sample was stirred in 80 ml of 2.5 N sodium hydroxide solution. It was then boiled in a covered 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask for 3 hours and the solution was filtered using a Whatman No. 41 filter paper. Filtrate was allowed to cool down to room temperature and added 5 N H2SO4 until it reaches pH 2. Then NH4OH was added to the suspension until it reaches pH 8.5 and allowed to be at room temperature for 3.5 hours. The precipitated SiO2 was separated by filtration and thoroughly washed with distilled water. The silica obtained was oven dried at 120 0C for 12 hours and cool down to room temperature. Preparation of SnO2 Particles Tin (ivIV) chloride was dissolved in distilled water to obtain 0.5 M solution and ammonia was added stirring the solution to obtain fine particles of SnO2. The SnO2 particles are thoroughly washed with distilled water to remove chlorine ions. Then the particles are suspended in diluted ammonium solution for stabilization. Preparation of SnO2 and SiO2 core shell structures Tin (IV) Oxide particles were coated with ultra thin layer of silica by the following method. 0.5g of SnO2 particles were weighted and grinded in an agate mortar with 2 ml of ethanol. Then measured volumes of 0.5M sodium silicate which was prepared by dissolving extracted silica in NaOH was added at a time to different SnO2 samples that has been prepared as described above. After that 1 ml of acetic acid was added drop wise to that mixture. Sodium silicate around the SnO2 particles suppose to turn into SiO2 in the process of acidification. Fabrication of DSSC with SiO2/SiO2 composite The paste as prepared was used to coat films on Cconducting Ttin Ooxide (CTO) glass plates by the doctor blade method that cut into the size of 1.5 x 1 cm2. Prior to coating the films on the CTO glass, they were thoroughly cleaned by detergent, distilled water and acetone with ultrasonic agitation. CTO plates coated with SnO2/SiO2 films were dried on a hot plate heated up to 120 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C for 5 minutes. Then the films were sintered at 450 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C in a furnace for 30 minutes. When the films cooled down to the room temperature they were immersed in Ru-bipyridyl N-719 dye solution (0.5 mM in ethanol) for 12 h. After the dye adsorption, films were rinsed with ethanol and sandwich with platinum sputtered conducting glass substrates using clips. The capillary space in between the two plates of cells were filled with electrolyte containing 0.5M potasium iodide, 0.05M iodine in a mixture of acetonitrile and ethylene carbonate 1:4 by volume. Characterization Techniques I-V characteristics of the cells were measured under the illumination of 100 mWcm−2 simulated light source and computer controlled setup consisting of potentiostat/galvanostat. Elemental analysis of RHA was done using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and SEM images were also obtained for SnO2/SiO2 composite films. Results and discussion According to the literature reports, silica extracted from RH is in naorange with least impurity levels. Elements that present as impurities in RHA of BG 300 rice variety were analyzed with atomic absorption spectroscopy. Percentages of impurities in RHA after burning and refluxing with HCl are given in table 1. Table 1: Percentages of impurities in RHA after burning and after refluxing in HCl. Impurities % in RHA after burning % in RHA after reflux with HCl Calcium 0.926 0.402 Magnesium 0.537 0.198 Manganese Not detected Not detected Ferrous 0.269 0.060 It is inferred from these results that the impurity level of RHA is low and can be reduced further by refluxing with HCl. That is because these impurities present in the RHA as oxides can be removed easily by acid wash. In this study we have investigated the possibility of using SiO2 thin barrier around the SnO2 particles to impede leakage of electrons for recombination processes which is one approach to increase the efficiency of DSSCs. Figure 1(a) shows the measured open-circuit photo-voltage (Voc) and short-circuit photocurrent (Isc) of DSSCs with different SiO2% by weight in the SnO2/SiO2 films. Figure 1: (a) Open-circuit photovoltage (Voc) and short-circuit photocurrent (Isc) of DSSCs with different SiO2 % in SnO2 films (b) Suppression of recombination of injected electrons in the conduction band of SnO2 by SiO2 shell. Initial increment of SiO2 % in the film gradually covers the SnO2 particles as an ultra thin layer and beyond certain limit of SiO2 contributes to the growth of the SiO2 layer around the SnO2 particles increasing the thickness. This is the reason why both the Isc as well as the Voc increase initially with the increment of SiO2 % in the SnO2 films of DSSCs. The increment of Isc and Voc is attributed to the suppression of recombination of injected electrons by the photo excitation of the dye in the conduction band of SnO2 due to the development of ultra thin layer of SiO2 around SnO2 particles (Figure 1b). The highest photocurrent of DSSCs with the addition of 2.5 % of SiO2 may have been achieved due to the perfect coverage of SnO2 particles with ultra thin layer of SiO2. But Voc continues to increase further up to 4% of SiO2 in SnO2 films. It is noticeable that the decrement of Voc afterward is not significant as in Isc after reaching the maximum. Anyway further increment of the thick ness of the ultra thin layer of SiO2 happens to decrease both Isc and Voc. The amount of dye adsorbed on the semiconductor film is also a detrimental factor on the performance of DSSCs. We have noticed that the dye absorbed on SnO2 films decreased with the increment of SiO2%. To quantitatively analyze it, we have desorbed the dye adsorbed on SnO2 films with different SiO2 %. This was done by allowing the films to adsorb dye for determined period and completely desorbing the dye by immersing the dye adsorbed SnO2 films in known volume of 0.5 M KOH solution. The concentration of the dye in the KOH solution was estimated spectroscopically at the wave length of 550 nm. Figure 2 given bellow shows the deviation of dye adsorbed on SnO2 films for different SiO2 %. Figure: 2 (a) Variation of dye adsorbed on SnO2 films for different SiO2 % and (b) structure of the N-719 dye. It is evident from the Figure 2 that the dye adsorption on SnO2 films decrease with the increment of SiO2 %. This may affect adversely on photocurrent of DSSCs. Although dye aggregations on semiconductor films also results to decrease photocurrent there should be sufficient amount of dye adsorbed on SnO2 crystallites for efficient operation of DSSCs. The decrement of Isc at higher SiO2 percentages is main consequence of low dye adsorption on SnO2 films. The adsorption of dye on SnO2 films decrease with the increment of SiO2 % because of the acidity of SiO2 which prevent chelation of N-719 dye on SnO2 films by the carboxylic groups. XRD and SEM analysis was also carried out to characterize the SiO2 ultra thin layer coated on SnO2 particles. Figure 3 shows the SEM of SnO2 film with 4.5% of SiO2. The resolution of the SEM images was not sufficient to identify the SiO2 thin layer. But it can be seen that the SnO2 particles are distributed in wide range of particle sizes which also affect adversely on the performance of DSSCs. The XRD pattern of the SnO2 film with 4.5 % of SiO2 is given in Figure 3(b). There was no any peaks appeared for SiO2 in the XRD pattern of the SnO2 films as well. The insertion in the Figure 3(b) is the XRD obtain for SiO2 powder obtained by acidification of Na2SiO3 with acetic acid and sintering at 450  °C for 30 minutes. It is found to be in amorphous form and most probably the SiO2 around the SnO2 is also amorphous. Because of the amorphous nature of SiO2 and low percentage might produce significant peaks for SiO2 in the XRD pattern. Figure 3 (a) SEM image of SnO2 film with 4.5% of SiO2 (b) XRD pattern of the SnO2 film with 4.5 % of SiO2. Insertion is the XRD obtain only for SiO2 powder. Conclusions The silica extracted from rice husk is with low impurity levels suitable for coating ultra thin layers of SiO2 arround SnO2 to fabricate DSSCs. Deposition of ultra thin layer of SiO2 on SnO2 particles improved the performance of DSSCs. The reason for decrement of cell performance with higher percentages of SiO2 is not only due to the barrier thickness, but also due to the low dye adsorption. It was observed by the SEM images that the particle size of SnO2 is widely diverse because of particle aggregation. It is recommended to use uniform size of SnO2 particles for better performance of DSSCs. some chemical treatment also required to enhance the adsorption of dye on SiO2 ultra thin layer on SnO2 particles. References 1. Bergeron B.V. , Marton A., Gerko Oskam G., and Meyer G.J.; (2005) Dye-Sensitized SnO2 Electrodes with Iodide and Pseudohalide Redox Mediators; J. Phys. Chem. B, , 109 (2), 937–943. 2. Kay A. and Grà ¤tzel M.; (2002) Dye-Sensitized Core−Shell Nanocrystals:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ° Improved Efficiency of Mesoporous Tin Oxide Electrodes Coated with a Thin Layer of an Insulating Oxide; Chem. Mater., 14 (7), 2930–2935. 3. Keis K., Bauer C., Boschloo G., Hagfeldt A., Westermark K., Rensmo H., Siegbahn H.; (2002) Nanostructured ZnO electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cell applications; Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 148, issue 1–3, 57–64. 4. Nazeeruddin M. K., Baranoff E, Gratzel M., (2011) Dye-sensitized solar cells: A brief overview; Solar Energy 85 1172–1178. 5. Niinobe D. , Makari Y., Kitamura T., Wada Y., and Yanagida; S.; (2005) Origin of Enhancement in Open-Circuit Voltage by Adding ZnO to Nanocrystalline SnO2 in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells; J. Phys. Chem. B, , 109 (38), 17892–17900. 6. Regan B O and Gratzel M; (1991) A low cost high efficient solar cell based on dye sensitized colloidal TiO2 films; Nature 353 737.

Wedding Speech by the Sister of the Bride -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Spe

Wedding Speech by the Sister of the Bride For those of you that do not already know me I'm the bride's "slightly" older sister. When she first asked me to give her away I felt two things, the first was one of extreme and enormous pride that she'd asked me, and the second Was "Oh my God" I have to do a speech. But please don't worry, this won't take too long. I would like to thank the priest for a lovely service, the priest's boss for keeping an eye out on the weather, and the beautiful bridesmaid. I am also delighted to have my mom, sisters, and brother here today to celebrate this day, one which I hope is the start of many more "happiest days of their life." My sister has given me, and all of my family some incredibly happy and joyous moments over the years. She was a delight to grow up with, and has always provided us with some memorable moments. Having known her all her life I have a huge library of stories to leave her embarrassed and humiliated, but out of respect for her on her big day I have decided not to tell them. So I'm not going to tell you about the milkma...

Happy Workers Are Productive Essay

Managers encouraging employees to be more proactive and flexible do make gains in performance and productivity. But this is at the expense of employee job satisfaction, according to the latest research in the journal Human Relations. Increased expectations from their employers may lead employees to perceive a less secure and more demanding work environment. Researchers led by Stephen Wood, from the University of Leicester, set out to test a widely held assumption – that direct employee involvement methods can lead to high levels of worker job satisfaction, which in turn lead to a better performing organization. Armed with data from the UK’s Workplace Employment Relations Survey 2004 survey, the researchers used statistical methods to look at in the effects of two distinct management models: enriched job design and high involvement management (HIM). Statistical analysis of data from 14,127 employees and 1,177 workplaces shows that HIM is directly and positively related to labour productivity, financial performance, and quality, but not to absenteeism. The researchers also found a direct relationship between HIM and job satisfaction and anxiety – but surprisingly, it was a negative: HIM may be a source of dissatisfaction with the job and of anxiety. In fact, the negative effect of HIM on job satisfaction depresses its overall positive effects on organizational performance. The enriched job design approach to management also had a positive relationship with labour productivity, financial performance and quality but this was positively related to job satisfaction, though not workplace anxiety. Moreover, the job satisfaction explains how the enriched job design affects performance. The enriched job design approach offers employees discretion, variety and high levels of responsibility; while the HIM model encourages wider organizational involvement such as team working, idea-capturing schemes or functional flexibility (the ability to take on aspects of others’ roles). Enriched job design concentrates on the employee’s core job, while HIM is about organizational involvement, which entails workers participating in decision-making beyond the narrow confines of the job. HIM originated in the 1990s, and a lot of research has followed on how this approach improves performance. However, to date most of this research has focused on the outcomes for organizations, with little attention to the effect on employees’ satisfaction and well-being. According to the authors, HIM entails a qualitative change in demands, not a simple quantitative change in effort levels. It may be that management’s approach toward encouraging employees to be proactive and flexible creates anxieties and dissatisfaction. Increased expectations associated with involvement may actually make employees more stressed. In enriched job design, individuals have greater responsibility and autonomy, possibly offering more choices and pleasurable experiences that contrast with feelings evoked by a pressured environment. â€Å"Treating enriched job design and HIM as discrete has certainly been vindicated by our findings, as has taking a multi-dimensional approach to well-being,† Wood says. â€Å"The study offers further grounds for encouraging policy makers and managers to put job quality high on their agendas. † Workplace data were collected by face-to-face interview with a manager in each workplace, and through a survey of employees.

Leadership For Improved Institutional Performance Education Essay

You are the leader at a post-secondary establishment of higher acquisition ( IHE ) whose regulating board has become critical of the school ‘s way. The board believes that the establishment is missing a clear vision. Pulling upon what you have learned at Argosy University about human motive and the psychological foundations of instruction, what stairss would you urge to the president of the establishment, which, if followed, would take to the â€Å" vision † that is therefore far missing? In your response, anticipate troubles that may originate, and how would you turn to them. Introduction-Background Uncluttering the Vision As a leader at a post-secondary establishment of higher acquisition ( IHE ) whose regulating board has become critical of the school ‘s way, one should piece an institutional site based direction squad ( SBM ) . Site based direction is a consensus-driven acquisition environment that is linked to decentalisation and driven by the school betterment squad. Greater control over determinations sing budget, forces, and course of study focal points on the followers: pupil public presentation, instruction and acquisition, needs appraisal, answerability, professional development, reappraisal, and rating. The site based direction squad is representative of the full school community. Through the engagement of decision makers, teachers/staff, parents, community spouses, and pupils in the decision-making procedure, more effectual acquisition environments are created. Each stakeholder is a critical instrument to its ‘ success. Successful school betterment requires set uping a clear educational vision and a shared institutional mission, cognizing how good the school accomplished that mission, placing countries for betterment, developing programs to alter educational activities and plans, and implementing those programs or new plans efficaciously. Therefore, it is indispensable that the site based direction squad leaders set up a stronger nexus to others in the school and Ministry of Education. In making so, they should link the establishments ends to the broader and deeper mission of supplying higher acquisition for all pupils. As leaders in this attempt to better the vision of the establishment, the assembled site based direction squad should besides see strat ification such as the benefit of plan planning to all pupils instead than some in development and execution of alteration enterprises, inquiring whether a proposed plan will better entree to higher-order acquisition undertakings for marginalized pupils. For school betterment attempts to be successful instructors, parents, community, concern spouses, decision makers, and pupils must portion leading maps. Likewise, the Principal ‘s function must alter from that of a top-down supervisor to that of a facilitator, designer, steward, instructional leader, manager, and strategic instructor ( Senge, 1990 ) . Pull offing school alteration and betterment is one of the most complex undertakings of school leading. Fullan ( 1993 ) , Sparks ( 1993 ) , and other research workers of school leading point out that school leaders need to understand the alteration procedure in order to take, manage, and better attempts of alteration efficaciously. They must larn to get the better of barriers and header with the pandemonium that of course exists during the complex procedure of alteration ( Fullan and Miles, 1992 ) . Administrators and other cardinal school leaders help instructors and other stakeholders build effectual squads by developing new organisational constructions and a created shared vision that focuses on reliable pupil acquisition ( Maeroff, 1993 ) ; ( Newmann, 1993 ) . Such divine and informed leading would be critical to the success of schools. Leading successful alteration and betterment involve developing and pull offing six critical constituents of schooling: ( a ) a clear, strong, and jointly held educational vision and institutional mission ; ( B ) a strong, committed professional community within the school ; ( degree Celsius ) larning environments that promote higher criterions for pupil accomplishment ; ( vitamin D ) sustained professional development to better acquisition ; ( vitamin E ) successful partnerships with parents, wellness and human service bureaus, concerns, universities, and other community organisations ; and ( degree Fahrenheit ) a systematic planning and execution procedure for establishing needed alterations. Louis and Miles ( 1990 ) drew on several instance surveies of urban high schools. The writers emphasized the importance of planning: â€Å" Significant alteration plans do non run themselves. They need active orchestration and coordination ( P. 14 ) . † Human Motivation and Psychological Foundations Maslow ‘s great penetration was to put self-actualization into a hierarchy of human motive. Harmonizing to Maslow ( 1954 ) , self-actualization is the highest thrust, but before this can go on must fulfill other, lower motives like hungriness, safety and belonging. The hierarchy has five degrees: ( a ) physiological ( hungriness, thirst, shelter, and sex. ) ; ( B ) safety ( security, protection from physical and emotional injury ) ; ( degree Celsius ) societal ( fondness, belonging, credence, friendly relationship ) ; ( vitamin D ) regard ( besides called self-importance ) which combines the internal facets of ego regard, liberty, and accomplishment, and the external factors of position, acknowledgment, attending ; ( vitamin E ) Self realization ( taking action ) . Maslow ( 1954 ) pointed out that the procedure of self-actualization is dynamic ; the dominant demand is ever switching. For illustration, a sexual spouse may be lost in the self realization of love devising, but finally becomes tired and hungry, and has to halt in order to make full a more immediate demand, nutriment. Furthermore, a individual behaviour may unite several degrees. For illustration, eating dinner is both physiological and societal. This hierarchy does non be by itself, but is affected by the state of affairs and the general civilization. Satisfaction is comparative. Finally, Maslow notes that a satisfied demand no longer motivates. A hungry individual may be despairing for nutrient, but one time a repast is eaten, the promise of nutrient no longer motivates him ( Masters and Johnson, 1974 ) . The Hersey and Blanchard theory is extremely popular and strikes most people as intuitively right. McGregor ( 1960 ) nevertheless, makes it the edifice block for the Theory X and Theory Y. Csikszentmihalyi ( 1988 ) continued the tradition with the construct of â€Å" Flow, † a 1990s construct of self-actualization. Empirical research conducted by Hersey and Blanchard ( 1977 ) confirmed Maslow ‘s first three degrees, but has non made farther procedure as it relates to the 4th and 5th degrees of self-esteem and self-actualization. McGregor ( 1960 ) noted that Maslow ‘s hierarchy follows the life rhythm. A newborn babe ‘s demands are about wholly physiological. As the babe grows, it needs safety, so love. Toddlers are eager for societal interaction. Adolescents are dying about societal demands while immature grownups are concerned with regard and merely more mature individuals transcend the first four degrees to pass much clip self-actualizing ( Hersey and Blanchard, 1977 ) . The connexion at this occasion is that external incentives such as rewards, benefits, and term of office, fulfill lower demands. Workers satisfy higher demands by working with others, or acquisition and happening fulfilment in their work ( Rusaw, 2001 ) . As leaders in the alteration procedure, one must esteem that piece of the mystifier each member of the squad brings to the tabular array and validate those endowments. Before the alteration procedure begins, leaders must go familiar with the school betterment rhythm, the phases of the alteration procedure, and alteration theoretical accounts associated with each. Name the alteration theoretical accounts As alteration agents, one must be able to separate between the school betterment rhythm and the alteration procedure, find where the school is located within the alteration procedure, and place appropriate following stairss. Fullan ( 1992 ) argues that in readying for a leading place, the leader must make two things: larn more about the complexnesss of the alteration procedure by reading, researching, speaking with adept practicians, and go toing seminars ; and accept the alteration procedure as a positive experience to be understood and embraced, instead than a negative experience to be feared and avoided. Responses to inquiries of why establishments expend so much clip, energy, and extended resources on instruction are chiefly ideological, grounded in personal belief systems. One can non reply cardinal inquiries about the intents of educational leading unless there is a willingness to uncover the rules, values, and premises land and steer them. These rules form cardinal belief systems about the ways in which one can understand themselves and society and find the hopes for the hereafter. Csikszentmihalyi ( 2003 ) cites businessman Max DePree who states that the first inquiry for a leader is non what are they traveling to make but that it ever is: where does the organisation intend to be. Conversely, it can be argued that should educators fail to see the challenges of taking in the thick of diverseness, they neglect the foundations of the educational enterprise. On the other manus, when they engage in expressed conversations about the diverseness of their pupil organic structures and the relationship of societal justness to constructs of academic excellence and school success, they are taking with moral intent. Leadership requires, as Csikszentmihalyi ( 2003 ) provinces, that one should reflect deeply on one ‘s ain experiences and bedrock values to happen ways in which 1 might step in intentionally with moral intent. During the school betterment procedure, alteration experts such as community stakeholders, module, staff, pupils, should come together as a squad to take alteration attempts. Harmonizing to Maslow ‘s theory, the societal, self-esteem, and self-actualization demands take centre phase. Social demands are being met given that the assembled squad belongs to a particular group charged with heightening something dynamic that will impact the lives of others. The self-esteem demands of the squad will be met as the squad has position and common regard of their co-workers which leads to the following measure of taking action in the accomplishment of the ends. Therefore, it is of import to pull upon the expertness and accomplishments of university module, cardinal office forces, external advisers, professional staff developers, and others. During this pre-implementation phase, treatments are facilitated about the school ‘s history of alteration in order to understand how and why past alteration attempts have succeeded or failed. Fullan ( 1993 ) favours merely get downing the alteration procedure without needfully be aftering every measure in progress. However, it is of import to pull off, steer, papers, and learn from the alteration procedure. Leaderships of postsecondary establishments should larn about the functions of decision makers, module, cardinal office staff, parents, board members, and others involved in functioning kids and young person. All play an of import function in the school betterment procedure. The corporate cognition of such persons is used to organize effectual school betterment squads. School leaders understand and cultivate these functions and the functions that others play within betterment enterprises. To construct coaction within the school civilization, module survey groups and cross-grade or section squads provide clip for collegial work. As a committed and collaborative civilization emerges in support of the alteration procedure, the judge of leaders establishes communicating with and high outlooks of squad members while showing assurance in school staff and the environing community. Once partnerships are formed with parents, concerns, and societal services and community bureaus, attempts are made to consolidate resources to run into a scope of pupil demands. In making high-achieving acquisition environments and bettering pupil acquisition, the leaders select and integrate a assortment of plans to better instruction and acquisition. Last, a set of guidelines are established to implement new attacks to student larning while continually supervising both internal and external measurings for betterment. Drumhead Leaderships of post-secondary establishments of higher acquisition should pull upon the endowments of their stakeholders while using the assorted motivational and psychological foundations to expect, understand and turn to squad troubles as that may originate throughout the school betterment procedure. As school system support is progressively tied to public presentation, leaders should see that public presentation needs to be more loosely defined. Performance measurement systems are to bring forth thrust and communicate alteration. Performance measurement systems that are dominated by punitory inducements tend to hold a counterproductive impact on betterment attempts. Ultimately the end of school betterment should as a tool for those interested in constructing system capacity to run into the demands of kids. An effectual public presentation measuring system is the foundation for measuring plans. The leading squad should ease the development of a comprehensive public presentation measuring system that examines all facets of operations whether it is at the school or in the community. Performance indexs should supply stakeholders with a diagnostic tool, enabling them to rapidly and easy pass on advancement, demands and challenges to their components. Harmonizing to Stephen Covey, leading trades with way and vision. The basic function of the leader is to further a common regard and construct a complimentary squad where each strength is made productive and each failing is mitigated. The key is supplying the context for success in footings of resources, systems and authorization. The function of leader as instructor starts with placing people ‘s mental theoretical accounts of of import issues. No 1 carries an organisation in his or her caput. What we carry are premises. These mental images of how the universe works have a important influence on how we perceive jobs and chances identify classs of actions and do picks. Everyone agrees that leaders need vision, energy, authorization, and strategic way, but I think it is every bit apparent that the ability to animate people, to capture their Black Marias, heads, psyches, and sympathize ferociously with the people they lead, is the chemistry that determines the difference between norm and dramatic success as a leader. At the terminal of the twenty-four hours, the leader must beat up the squad and take the hill. After all, the qualities of leading are of limited usage unless we do something with them. You and I are so fortunate. When the involvement at interest are the well being and hereafter of our profession, its easy to be excited and full of energy. It merely makes sense to be a airy. It ‘s natural that excellence is a minimal demand. And it is so much merriment to work with others likewise inflicted with a passion for public instruction. When I look around the room and when I think of all the talented and dedicated people I have met this weekend, I know that our hereafter is so in good custodies.

Human Resource Roles and Responsibilities

Human Resource Roles and Responsibilities Free Online Research Papers Human Resources Management (HRM) is a continually changing process, focusing on an organization’s staffing needs, how to fill those needs, and how to adjust to the circumstances and specifications required. Staffing, training, and managing employees while maintaining performance standards and capabilities requires a knowledgeable and flexible human resources department (HRD). Factors pertaining to globalization, technology, diversity, e-business, and ethics (University of Phoenix, 2010, Syllabus) constantly pull organizations in different directions. This paper briefly describes the role of HRM and its response to trends, and existing factors faced in an ever-changing society. Changing Roles of HR Management HRM’s purpose is to manage what is considered to be an organization’s most valued asset; its employees. Hiring people, training them to fulfill specific needs, making good use of employee’s talents, tending to the employee’s needs, and rewarding their services accordingly are tasks HRM must fulfill. When external factors and environmental changes occur, HRM’s decisions must adjust accordingly, preparing not only for the present, but also for the future. Globalization For many years, numerous borders have prevented companies and countries from doing business together. However, many of those borders have vanished, permitting organizations to do business openly and without limitations. By joining forces, and relying on the core competencies of numerous organizations and the people involved, companies can attain higher levels of efficiency and profitability. Although advances in technology, and the desire to cut costs while remaining competitive and profitable exist, organizations must consider how these changes affect HRM and what the long term effects are based on the options available. One aspect of globalization with respect to HRM is outsourcing. Outsourcing refers to the practice of allowing one company to provide services for another (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhert, Wright, 2007). Organizations see outsourcing as â€Å"a chance to turn around a dying business, speed up the pace of innovation, and fund projects that under normal operations would be unaffordable (Bloomberg Business Week, 2006). To survive and remain competitive, companies must develop new global markets, adjust to new challenges, and incorporate every advantage globalization offers. Technology â€Å"Advances in computer-related technology have had a major impact on the use of information for managing human resources† (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhert, Wright, 2007, Technological Change in HRM, para. 1). Filing, storing, sorting, and gathering information was previously very time-consuming and tedious. Today, computers permit limitless amounts of data and personal information to be transferred and stored at the click of a button. Communication between suppliers and distributors are almost instantaneous, saving both time and money on numerous phone calls between departments. As technology becomes more advanced however, additional training is required, permitting companies to stay ahead of the competition by acquiring and implementing those changes into their normal operating procedures. HRM prepares an organization and its employees to make that transition as easy as possible. Even though technology is normally very expensive and time consuming to integrate, it is a necessit y for growth and sustainability. Diversity â€Å"Managing diversity means to manage the various types of matters and employees in the company† (Small Business Bible, 2008, p. 1). HRDs are forced to change the way they attract, staff, and retain a company’s workforce, especially because most baby boomers are now entering retirement. Additionally, more women are now working full-time, up significantly from previous decades. To capitalize on diversity, organizations must embrace the idea of hiring a diverse workforce. Taking advantage of cultural, ethnical, gender and racial differences, and then managing those differences is a task HRM must undertake. Promoting and accepting cultural differences, ensuring involvement in education inside and outside of the organization, and dealing with any resistance to diversification is another aspect of HRM (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhert, Wright, 2007, A Diverse Workforce, para. 2). E-Business Electronic Business (E-Business) is defined as, â€Å"any process a business conducts electronically, especially business involving use of the internet (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhert, Wright, 2007, p. 50). E-Business has changed the way companies promote, advertise, market, and communicate not only their products and services, but also the company’s main purpose and focus of doing business. However, HRM faces new challenges because e-business and technology constantly changes, requiring constant training of current employees, and hiring qualified people outside of the company. If training is too extensive, then qualified people in the related field require higher salaries because of the supply and demand aspect of the position. Management must weigh their options carefully when providing and conducting e-business in today’s marketplace. Ethics Ethics is one of the most widely discussed aspects of business because every organization operates under specific principles and morals. What defines ethics is the ability to distinguish right from wrong, and good from bad. In business, organizations must operate in good faith with the goal of helping society and the environment within. HRM faces numerous challenges to safeguard the company’s beliefs while ensuring the employees rights and responsibilities are protected. A current discussion among society is an organizations right to outsource labor to other countries. Companies outsource to save money, increase revenue and shareholder value, and to remain competitive. However, in today’s economic downturn, is it right for United States based companies to outsource labor to overseas countries instead of helping the economy by outsourcing labor to companies residing in the United States? This topic is something currently discussed by legislation, requiring businesses to rethink how they do business, and the decisions management makes. Conclusion â€Å"The most valuable resources for enhancing competitiveness are human resources† (Goetsch Davis, 2010, Chapter 2, p. 36). Pulling those resources together and capitalizing on each person’s diversity, experiences, knowledge, and personalities is HRM’s goal. A business’s success relies heavily on management’s ability to group talented individuals, and link their abilities so that a specific goal is met. Without this ability, companies tend to struggle, finding it hard to overcome new obstacles found in a constantly changing environment. References Bloomberg Business Week. (2006). The Future of Outsourcing. Retrieved from businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_05/b3969401.htm Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2010). Quality management for organizational excellence: Introduction to total quality (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, MGT449Quality Management and Productivity Course website. Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhert, B., Wright, P. M. (2007). Fundamentals of Human Resource Management. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, MGT431- Human Resources Management Course website. Small Business Bible. (2008). Human resource management and managing diversity. Retrieved from smallbusinessbible.org/hr_management_managingdiversity.html University of Phoenix. (2010). Course Syllabus. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, MGT/431- Human Resources Management Course website. Research Papers on Human Resource Roles and ResponsibilitiesMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part OneGenetic Engineering

What is a Revolution essays

What is a Revolution essays If one were to look up the definition of the word revolution in a dictionary, they would simply find that it is simply a change, or overthrow of a government/situation. However, even though the concept of a revolution may sound easy, it requires a long process. The idea of revolution is thinkable by almost any person of almost any understanding age. Contrary to this, the actual planning and going about a revolution is usually done by highly educated individual(s) or people who have sufficient knowledge on the topic. Another factor that is required in starting a revolution is a valid reason, with proof or cause. For example, a person can not start a revolution just by stating that he/she doesnt like someone without a justified valid reason. Contrary to that, they can start a revolution if they hated someone for ruling them unfairly or not complying with certain rules that are set forth. Usually when a revolution is started, there are the causes (conflict or need for change), the pros, and the cons. A revolution is started when the people who are revolting or seeking a momentous change, are dissatisfied in one aspect or another. The people who help start the revolution are the most prominent educated men or women. They help set the foundation of their revolution, and help develop an argument to support their need to revolt or change. An example of this would be how the foundation of the French Revolution was laid. First of all, the founders of the revolution derived their ideas from the American Revolution and used it as one of the causes of their revolution. Its causes ranged from the American Revolution, the economic crisis in France, social injustices to the immediate causes like the fall of Bastille, the Convening of the Estate-General, and the Great Fear. In this revolution, the French society was divided amongst itself, and that was one of the factors that made this resolution very hard to resolve. Another main aspect of ma...

Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451, Stephen Marches article Is Facebook Essay

Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451, Stephen Marches article Is Facebook Making Us Lonely, and Nicholas Carrs Is Google Making Us Stupid, - Essay Example The coupling of technology with social lives has resulted to a narrative with a stupid and lonely life ever after, ending. This is truly expressed in the works of numerous experts whose focus is in revealing the negative outcomes associated with technology. The works of these experts are Ray Bradbury’s â€Å"Fahrenheit 451†; Samuel Cohen’s â€Å"50 Essays: A Portable Anthology (Is Google Making us Stupid); and Mache’s â€Å"Is Facebook Making Us Lonely?† According to Marche (n.p) loneliness is promoted through modern day social media culture. Instead building and maintaining physical friendships, social media culture has promoted friendships founded on isolation and loneliness. Additionally, Bradbury reveals that allowing technology to replace all aspects of life will result to loss of intelligence. In his futuristic society, Bradbury reveals that the society is getting rid of common sense intelligence to submit to ignorance. However, for the curio us and anxious persons like Montag manages to see the beneficial side of not embracing ignorance but working with intelligence. Furthermore, from Cohen search engines have led to dramatic promotion of stupidity as people’s mind lose concentration and long for fast information to solve problems. Although there are tremendous benefits from technological advances, Ray Bradbury correctly predicted that technology would also have negative impact on human physical, intellectual and emotional health as if made evident by many experts today. Intellectually, technology is responsible for the continued experiences loss of intelligence. Based on the arguments by Bradbury, technology benefits are countered by the associated impact of loss of intellect and lose of contact with ordinary and important aspects of life. For instance, Montag could not remember being familiar with there being dew on grass in the morning â€Å"He suddenly could not remember if he had known

The relevance of Geography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The relevance of Geography - Research Paper Example In order to understand the relevance of geography to other subjects, it would be necessary to present primarily the key characteristics of geography, as one of the most critical sciences. Gabler, Petersen and Trapasso (2006) explain that geography focuses on the presentation of the ‘phenomena developed on earth’s surface’ (Gabler, Petersen and Trapasso 2006, p.4). However, it has been made clear that the above role of geography should be expanded, incorporating the social and cultural characteristics of each place (Gabler, Petersen and Trapasso 2006). In this context, the holistic approach for explaining the geographical characteristics of a region has become quite popular (Gabler, Petersen and Trapasso 2006). The holistic approach is based on the view that no restrictions should be made in regard to the material used by geographers when having to explore the geography of a specific area (Gabler, Petersen and Trapasso 2006). In practice, this means that geography can be related to all subjects under the terms that the quality and the credibility of findings of the study involved are secured. According to Varma and Vedanayagam (2007) the study of geography has not been always highly valued. It is explained that geography has been traditionally considered as a subject necessary for the support of other disciplines (Varma and Vedanayagam 2007). Through the decades the power of geography as part of the curriculum has been increased (Varma and Vedanayagam 2007). Today, geography has become an independent science, keeping its role in explaining issues related to other

Andrew Jackson's Presidency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Andrew Jackson's Presidency - Essay Example The native Indian Americans faced one of their toughest times during his presidency, considering that he had embarked on a mission to dispossess the Native Americans of their land from the East of the Mississippi river to relocate them to the west, and this is a decision that he acted on most swiftly and decisively (Benson, 22). Thus, by the end of his term in presidency, he had managed to displace the natives from their motherland, to present day Oklahoma, through a forceful eviction that eventually came to be known as the ‘Trail of tear’ (Heckscher, n.p.). Secondly, Andrew Jackson’s policies were responsible for an economic meltdown in the United States and restricted economic growth for the country, since he adopted economic policies that were fundamentally flawed such as the closure of the Second Bank of the United States, eventually leading the country to a future economic crisis (Buchanan, 165). Thirdly, Andrew Jackson’s political actions were unjust, unconstitutional and created strains between the federal government and the states they presided over, thus leading to a political discontent in the country, at a time when peace was the most important thing in the country, having moved out of previous wars and conflicts that had threatened to completely tear the country apart. Therefore, in a nutshell, Andrew Jackson’s presidency was a cancer on the United States, and prevented the federal government from growing as a whole, during his time in office. Analysis of Andrew Jackson's Presidency The most memorable and horrific aspect of Andrew Jackson’s presidency was his treatment of the Native Americans. President Andrew Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act (1830), which then gave the president powers to negotiate the removal treaties with Indian nations, by transferring them from the regions they previously inhabited as their homeland, through legalizing the transfers and providing for the funding of the transfer proc ess (Buchanan, 166). This move has largely been termed by the human right commentators as amounting to ethnic cleansing, through dispossessing the native Indians of their motherland in the East of Mississippi, and transferring them forcefully to the western side; the present day Oklahoma (Andrew Jackson, n.p.). While the passage of the Removal Act was meant to be a channel through which peaceful treaties would be entered into, between the Indian Nations and the federal government, Andrew Jackson resulted to the forceful eviction of the Natives, after it became clear that they were not willing to give up their ancestral lands (Cole, 72). The forceful eviction was extremely dehumanizing, especially since President Andrew Jackson Sent 7,000-armed troops specifically to remove the Cherokee tribe, which had proved to be a bit more resistant in signing a transfer treaty that would displace them from their motherland (Benson, 27). This move was extremely bad, considering that the only reas on President Jackson implemented the forceful transfer of the Natives, was to have the white settlers expand their farms, so that their cotton farming and slave economy would continue to flourish, at the expense of the comfort of the Natives, who were not seen to contribute much

The Purpose-Driven Life by Rick Warren Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Purpose-Driven Life by Rick Warren - Essay Example It should also be highlighted that this book is not only aimed at a particular Christian denomination, say Protestant or Catholic, rather the author tackles a universal theme that most, if not all, churches can relate to. The book is divided into six major portions. The first part provides an overview on how one should perceive his purpose in life. In this chapter, Warren asserts that what is of utmost importance to human beings as God's creation is to know God's purpose in our lives. In this regard, our greatest achievement is to live for God's glory and purpose. With this, it should be realized that it is important to focus on God and in know His purpose for us. Focusing on ourselves, as what other instructional books suggest, would never reveal this purpose. In the five remaining chapters, Warren discusses the five basic purposes of our lives. The first purpose pertains to our glorifying God by worshipping Him. The type of worship that Warren refers is the one which is motivated by our love, gratitude and delight in God. We are able to glorify God by worshipping Him not only out of duty or obligation but wholeheartedly. The second purpose is to glorify God by loving other believers. ... This means that by becoming like Jesus, believers are able to reach spiritual maturity. Warren points out that in order or us to be like Jesus in our thought, emotion and action, change in character is needed. This may be very difficult considering human nature. Nevertheless, we are called to develop our character for the main purpose of glorifying God. The fourth purpose is related to our responsibility towards our fellowmen. According to Warren, we glorify God by utilizing God-given gifts to serve others. He asserts that God has granted us talents, skills and abilities which should be used not only for personal gain but more so for the benefit of others. The author explains that we are able to serve God by serving others. Such is the pathway to real significance and fulfilling one's purpose here on earth. The book ends with the fifth purpose that sends off readers with a mission. This mission entails glorifying God by telling others about Him. In this regard, we have a mission to evangelize others. Such requires the sharing of the Good News and helping others discover their purpose. Warren puts forth that living with a purpose is the only way to truly live. As such, we should be mindful not only of knowing our purpose but aiding others in discovering theirs as well. Personal Reflection Despite the advent of a culture that focuses on man as an independent entity, the substantial sales of Warren's The Purpose-Driven Life indicates how religion continues to play an important role in our lives. In this book, Warren tackles the main concerns in the aspect of religion, i.e. finding the purpose and meaning of life (Macionis). This may be the root of the worldwide commercial success of

HAMLET PLAY VS HAMLET MOVIE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HAMLET PLAY VS HAMLET MOVIE - Essay Example Zeffirelli’s version of the play is shorter and has in it new episodes, making it different. Zefirelli produced the movie in 1990. Both pieces of work center on the drama that follows when Claudius poisons his brother the king and inherits the throne and the queen. Hamlet cannot come into terms with all the sudden evils and seeks to avenge the death of his father. It is worth noting that Zeffirelli has produced a shorter and easier version of the play that simplifies the Shakespeare style (Cook 20). Employing creativity, Zeffirelli manages to emphasize the level of decay in Denmark. Through his interpretation, Zeffirelli introduces the Hamlet movie with a new scene that does not exist in the original version of the play. Some of the lines plucked from a later scene include â€Å"think of us as of a father†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1.2.113-117) (Shakespeare and Edwards 114). In emphasizing the decay, which has engulfed the Denmark society, he places a funeral as the first scene of the movie. In the original version, the characters only mention the funeral. By placing a funeral at the start, he introduces the viewer to the villainy that lead to all the other drama (Mazek). The original play starts differently. Zefirelli’s first scene acts as the first event in the chronology of events that follow. Zeffirelli creatively replaces the first scene of the original script of the play. Therefore, he omits the introduction to the main story that Shakespeare provided. It is clear that he seeks to divert the attention of the viewer to focus on a different element of the play. The first scene in Shakespeare’s play introduces all the drama that will transpire in an instance. In this scene, he mentions that the Prince, Fortenbras, has intentions to attack Denmark. In this scene, the ghost appearance of King Hamlet happens for the first time. For purposes of widening the analysis of the play,

(SHIISM AND SUNNISM) Compare and contrast the authority of the Sunni Essay

(SHIISM AND SUNNISM) Compare and contrast the authority of the Sunni CALIPH and the Shii IMAM in their respective communities - Essay Example (632 A.D) in respect of his real successor. The followers of Islam explicitly split after the Battle of Karbala (AP/HUMA 289-90), where Hussain Ben Ali and his companions and family members were brutally martyred, and the House of the Holy Prophet was plundered by the cruel Umayyad ruler yazid. The paper looks for comparing and contrasting the authority acclaimed by the two, which has been constructed in an absolutely different way and maintaining completely divergent approaches in their nature and scope. The Sunni caliphs, according to the Sunni doctrine, are elected by consensus of community called ijma, in the light of which the first caliph Abu Bakr was elected; whereas the Shiite claim that the imams are appointed from Almighty Lord and explicit designation made by his predecessor through the statutes of holy sayings or statements called nass from the House of the Prophet; it is therefore Hazrat Ummey Salma was not included under the mantle, and only the progeny of Ali and Fatim a was entitled to be the members of the House of the Holy Prophet (AP/HUMA 297). In order to illustrate these differences in authorities, 1) the paper will discuss the issues of succession to the Prophet; 2) the election of caliphs as political elected leader and the imam as divinely guided leader, 3) and lastly, the scope of their religious knowledge. The succession of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) serves as one of the most contradictory issues of Islamic history, which has divided its followers into two major sects. Hence, like its predecessor Abrahamic faiths, i.e. Judaism and Christianity, Islam has also witnessed division of its followers into groups and factions in the name of religion. The majority Sunni sect of Muslims, views the four righteous caliphs as the successors of the Holy Prophet, which appeared at the helm of the governmental affairs turn by turn after the departure of the Holy Prophet from the world. On the contrary, the Shiite

The Purpose-Driven Life by Rick Warren Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Purpose-Driven Life by Rick Warren - Essay Example It should also be highlighted that this book is not only aimed at a particular Christian denomination, say Protestant or Catholic, rather the author tackles a universal theme that most, if not all, churches can relate to. The book is divided into six major portions. The first part provides an overview on how one should perceive his purpose in life. In this chapter, Warren asserts that what is of utmost importance to human beings as God's creation is to know God's purpose in our lives. In this regard, our greatest achievement is to live for God's glory and purpose. With this, it should be realized that it is important to focus on God and in know His purpose for us. Focusing on ourselves, as what other instructional books suggest, would never reveal this purpose. In the five remaining chapters, Warren discusses the five basic purposes of our lives. The first purpose pertains to our glorifying God by worshipping Him. The type of worship that Warren refers is the one which is motivated by our love, gratitude and delight in God. We are able to glorify God by worshipping Him not only out of duty or obligation but wholeheartedly. The second purpose is to glorify God by loving other believers. ... This means that by becoming like Jesus, believers are able to reach spiritual maturity. Warren points out that in order or us to be like Jesus in our thought, emotion and action, change in character is needed. This may be very difficult considering human nature. Nevertheless, we are called to develop our character for the main purpose of glorifying God. The fourth purpose is related to our responsibility towards our fellowmen. According to Warren, we glorify God by utilizing God-given gifts to serve others. He asserts that God has granted us talents, skills and abilities which should be used not only for personal gain but more so for the benefit of others. The author explains that we are able to serve God by serving others. Such is the pathway to real significance and fulfilling one's purpose here on earth. The book ends with the fifth purpose that sends off readers with a mission. This mission entails glorifying God by telling others about Him. In this regard, we have a mission to evangelize others. Such requires the sharing of the Good News and helping others discover their purpose. Warren puts forth that living with a purpose is the only way to truly live. As such, we should be mindful not only of knowing our purpose but aiding others in discovering theirs as well. Personal Reflection Despite the advent of a culture that focuses on man as an independent entity, the substantial sales of Warren's The Purpose-Driven Life indicates how religion continues to play an important role in our lives. In this book, Warren tackles the main concerns in the aspect of religion, i.e. finding the purpose and meaning of life (Macionis). This may be the root of the worldwide commercial success of

(SHIISM AND SUNNISM) Compare and contrast the authority of the Sunni Essay

(SHIISM AND SUNNISM) Compare and contrast the authority of the Sunni CALIPH and the Shii IMAM in their respective communities - Essay Example (632 A.D) in respect of his real successor. The followers of Islam explicitly split after the Battle of Karbala (AP/HUMA 289-90), where Hussain Ben Ali and his companions and family members were brutally martyred, and the House of the Holy Prophet was plundered by the cruel Umayyad ruler yazid. The paper looks for comparing and contrasting the authority acclaimed by the two, which has been constructed in an absolutely different way and maintaining completely divergent approaches in their nature and scope. The Sunni caliphs, according to the Sunni doctrine, are elected by consensus of community called ijma, in the light of which the first caliph Abu Bakr was elected; whereas the Shiite claim that the imams are appointed from Almighty Lord and explicit designation made by his predecessor through the statutes of holy sayings or statements called nass from the House of the Prophet; it is therefore Hazrat Ummey Salma was not included under the mantle, and only the progeny of Ali and Fatim a was entitled to be the members of the House of the Holy Prophet (AP/HUMA 297). In order to illustrate these differences in authorities, 1) the paper will discuss the issues of succession to the Prophet; 2) the election of caliphs as political elected leader and the imam as divinely guided leader, 3) and lastly, the scope of their religious knowledge. The succession of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) serves as one of the most contradictory issues of Islamic history, which has divided its followers into two major sects. Hence, like its predecessor Abrahamic faiths, i.e. Judaism and Christianity, Islam has also witnessed division of its followers into groups and factions in the name of religion. The majority Sunni sect of Muslims, views the four righteous caliphs as the successors of the Holy Prophet, which appeared at the helm of the governmental affairs turn by turn after the departure of the Holy Prophet from the world. On the contrary, the Shiite

The Lake House Story Essay Example for Free

The Lake House Story Essay The stories is about six hybrid children (bird/human) Max, Oz, Mathew, Ic, Peter and Wendy who were rescued from a place called the Hospital. The children were rescued by a vet named Frannie ONeil and a FBI agent named Kit. After being rescued by the couple the kids built a strong bond with Frannie and Kit after staying with them for sometime. The couple soon find themselves in court fighting for custody for the children from each of their biological parents. Even though the kids dearly want Kit and Frannie to be their parents the judge decides for them to be with their biological parents. All the kids hated being with their parents. Mathew was often bullied at school ,Peter and Wendy were used for commercials all the time, courtesy to their parents. On day a man named Ethan Kane, the man in charge of the Hospital tried to kidnap Max and Mathew. With their high intelligence and remarkable strength they managed to escape to safety and meet up with the rest of the flock. Collectively the children fly to Frannies house. Later that night workers from the Hospital attempt to break into Frannies house. Frannie comes up with an escape plan and sets her house on fire hoping to create a diversion from the workers while she and the other children escape from the basement of her home. After they escape the kids and Frannie meet up with Kit. Kit then takes them all to his home in Washington where the Hospital is located. While Kit and Frannie are out running errands the kids once again get a visit from the workers from the Hospital and get kidnapped. Oz is shot by a sniper trying to protect Max. Frannie and Kit try to protect the kids but are drugged and taken to the Hospital along with the children. Soon Max escapes and finds that patients are hooked up to holographic monitors, which takes the patients deep inside their dreams while their organs are being taken and used for the Resurrection of rich and famous people . Max manages to rescue Kit, Frannie and the other kids, and they all escape. Although they try to expose the Hospital, all evidence of their experiments disappear. The next appeal hearing takes place a few days shortly after the whole Hospital catastrophy.The judge decides its best the children go with Frannie and Kit. The family rejoices and moves back to the Lake House. There, Frannie notices that Max has been in her room all morning. She goes to investigate and finds out that Max has laid two eggs. One night, Kane suprisingly breaks into Maxs room to steal the eggs. Max knocks him out of the window hoping shed break his neck. Four weeks later, the eggs hatch. The winged babies are a boy and a girl, who are name Ozymandias and Frances Jane. The book ends with Max thinking that she cant wait to teach them how to fly.

Comparing Hypermarket and Traditional Wet Market Consumers

Comparing Hypermarket and Traditional Wet Market Consumers CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS 4.0 Introduction This study was conducted in two different store formats, which are hypermarket and traditional wet market respectively. Totally 200 questionnaires were distributed and collected, each market has 100 questionnaires respectively. First of all, the general data such as respondents profiles, trip patterns and transaction patterns were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. This approach generates frequency and percentage of the respondents characteristics and presents the basic data and information. Secondly, reliability of the respondents perception on store image will be tested to examine whether if the data reliable or not. The level of reliability, which is so called Cronbachs alpha, the alpha value should not lower than 0.70 to obtain the consistent result. After that, independent t-test will be used to examine the level of significant on store attributes between different store formats. Moreover, we will also test the correlation between store formats and the demographic characteristics, trip patterns and transaction patterns. The differences of mean will be calculated, and 95% of confidence intervals were taken in this study. Significant probability was ≠¤0.05. It means if the result lower or equal to 0.05, it indicates statistically significantly different. 4.1 Descriptive Analysis 4.1.1 Respondents Profile 4.1.1.1 Gender Table 4.1: Gender Figure 4.1: Gender At both different store formats, we can find that there is more female shop at markets than male does. Gender distribution of respondents at hypermarket was much more balanced than gender distribution of respondents at traditional wet market, which are 46% for male and 54% for female at hypermarket, while traditional wet market was 1/3 of respondents are male and 2/3 of respondents are female. 4.1.1.2 Age Table 4.2: Age Figure 4.2: Age The data collection of this study showed that respondents at hypermarket and traditional wet market with the age of 25 years old and below are the highest, which are 35% and 28% respectively, compare with the ages which are between 26-35 years old (34% and 19%), 36-45 years old (16% and 14%), 46-55 years old (12% and 23%), and 56 years old and above (3% and 16%). One phenomenon can be found in this data is the number of respondents of traditional wet market with the age which are between 46-55 years old and 56 years old and above, are much higher than the respondents of hypermarket with the same range of age. The total percentage for this range of age (46-55 years old and 56 years old and above), for traditional wet market is 39%, while for hypermarket is only 15%. We can conclude that the respondents of traditional wet market are older than the respondent of hypermarket. 4.1.1.3 Ethnic Table 4.3: Ethnic RUL 573- RESEARCH PROJECT IN PLANNING CHAPTER 4: Store Image: Comparing Hypermarket and Traditional Wet Market Consumers Perception. Case Study: Bayan Baru, Penang. Figure 4.3: Ethnic In this study, Chinese has the highest number of people (55% from hypermarket, 74% from traditional wet market) following to Malay (33% from hypermarket, 14% from traditional wet market), Indian (9% from hypermarket, 11% from traditional wet market) and the others (3% from hypermarket, 1% from traditional wet market). The biggest different of these store formats is Chinese respondent has higher portion at traditional wet market compare to hypermarket, which are  ¾ of all respondents of traditional wet market compare to  ½ of all respondents of hypermarket. While the figure of Malay showed that Malay tends to shop at hypermarket instead of going to traditional wet market, the number of Malay shops at hypermarket is twice compare to number of Malay shops at traditional wet market. 4.1.1.4 Marital Status Table 4.4: Marital Status RUL 573- RESEARCH PROJECT IN PLANNING CHAPTER 4: Store Image: Comparing Hypermarket and Traditional Wet Market Consumers Perception. Case Study: Bayan Baru, Penang. Figure 4.4: Marital Status 40 RUL 573- RESEARCH PROJECT IN PLANNING CHAPTER 4: Store Image: Comparing Hypermarket and Traditional Wet Market Consumers Perception. Case Study: Bayan Baru, Penang. Base on the data that obtained, the respondents of hypermarket who are married (42%) are fewer than those who are single (58%). While respondents from of traditional wet market have the different situation, the result was totally inversed of hypermarket, that is 58% of the respondents are married, and the others 42% are single. This result indicates respondents of this study who are married tend to shop at traditional wet market and respondents who are single prefer to shop at hypermarket. 4.1.1.5 Education Level Table 4.5: Education Level Figure 4.5: Education Level The respondents from both store formats also have highest number of people (74% of hypermarket and 50% of wet market) who had at least tertiary education, which indicates college or university. This is because of more than 1/3 of respondents from hypermarket and 1/4 of respondents from traditional wet market who are younger generation, which is in the category of 25 years old and below as shown in Chapter 4.1.1.2. The overall result showed that the respondents of traditional wet market have slightly lower education level compare to those respondents of hypermarket. Half of the respondents of traditional wet market have not ever pursued tertiary education, the number is twice compare to those respondents of hypermarket who had only secondary education, primary education, and no formal education. 4.1.1.6 Occupation Table 4.6: Occupation Figure 4.6: Occupation In the previous data showed that the respondents who are younger generation (25 years old and below) and have at least tertiary education level had a large portion of entire respondents. In this section, it showed that most of the respondents of hypermarket are student (39%), following by waged worker (25%), government employee (18%), housewife (8%), entrepreneur (7%), retired (3%). While at traditional wet market, most of the respondents are worked as waged worker (32%), following by housewife (26%), student (23%), retired (7%), government employee (5%), entrepreneur (5%) and unemployed (2%). This data also showed that housewife prefers to shop at traditional wet market (25%) instead of shop at hypermarket (8%). 4.1.1.7 Household Size Table 4.7: Household Size Figure 4.7: Household Size The mode number of household size for respondents of hypermarket and traditional wet market are 4 and 5 respectively. The data showed that 28% and 27% of respondents of hypermarket have household size of 4 and 5. On the other hand, 22% and 28% of respondents of traditional wet market have household size of 4 and 5. These indicate more than half of the respondents who have household size of 4 or 5. From the figure above, we can see that the household size of traditional wet market respondent is slightly bigger than household size of hypermarket respondents. From the calculation, the mean household size of traditional wet market respondents are 4.87, and respondents of hypermarket are 4.63. 4.1.1.8Household Monthly Income Table 4.8: Household Monthly Income Figure 4.8: Household Monthly Income From these 200 respondents, there is no big difference of household monthly income between two different store formats. For respondent of hypermarket, the categories of RM1500 and below, RM2501-3500, and RM3501-4500 also showed 23% respectively, followed by RM1501-2500 (17%), RM4501and above (14%). On the other hand, the mode number of household monthly income for respondents of traditional wet market is RM2501-3500, followed by RM1500 and below (22%), RM1501-2500 (21%), RM4501 and above (20%), RM3501-4500 (13%). Overall there is not a very significant different between the groups and the categories. 4.1.2 Trip Patterns 4.1.2.1 Travelling Time from Home to Markets Table 4.9: Travelling Time Figure 4.9: Travelling Time Majority of the respondents travel from home to the markets were just within 15 minutes and this was showed by 48% respondents of hypermarket and 53% of traditional wet market. This indicates half of the respondents came from adjacent area. While 34% respondents of hypermarket and 28% respondents of traditional wet market have travelling time between 16-30 minutes. Travelling time between 31-60 minutes, 16% and 17% fell to respondents of hypermarket and respondents if traditional wet market respectively. The category of 1 hour and more is only chosen by 2% of respondents of hypermarket and traditional wet market respectively. From the data we can conclude that people prefer to travel from home to market in shorter time. 4.1.2.2 Transportation Mode Table 4.10: Transportation Mode Figure 4.10: Transportation Mode Majority of the respondents prefer going to the markets by car, the data showed that 68% of hypermarket respondents and 45% of traditional wet market respondents go to the markets by car. Another transportation mode that is chosen by respondents is walking (15% of hypermarket respondents and 23% of traditional wet market respondents), as well as motorcycle (8% of hypermarket respondents and 23% traditional wet market respondents). A few people chose bus (5% of hypermarket respondents and 6% of traditional wet market respondents) and bicycle (4% of hypermarket respondents and 3% of traditional wet market respondents). Taxi and the others transportation mode have none of respondent chose such mode of transportation. Although majority of the respondents have the shortest travelling time from home to market as showed at Chapter 4.1.2.1, but most of them still prefer to drive to the market. 4.1.3Transaction Patterns 4.1.3.1 Frequency of Visiting Table 4.11: Frequency of Visiting Figure 4.11: Frequency of Visiting Majority of the respondents visiting markets once a week, 36% of hypermarket respondents and 40% traditional wet market respondents chose this category. While 27% of hypermarket respondents and 21% of traditional wet market respondents chose to visit the market less than once a week. Less than half of the respondents visit the market twice or more than twice weekly. From the data obtained, 21% of hypermarket respondents and 11% of traditional wet market respondents visit the market twice weekly, 12% of hypermarket respondents and 10% of traditional wet market respondents visit the market thrice weekly, and 4% of hypermarket respondents and 18% of traditional wet market respondents visit 4 times and more weekly. The respondents who visit the markets 4 times and above weekly are 4.5 times more than those hypermarket respondents do. 4.1.3.2 Visiting Markets with Whom Table 4.12: Visiting Markets with Whom Figure 4.12: Visiting Markets with Whom Almost half of the respondents prefer to visit the markets with their family member or relatives, this occupied 47% of hypermarket respondents and 52% of traditional wet market respondents. While the respondents who chose to visit markets with friends/ neighbors/ colleagues or alone, there is a significant different between hypermarket and traditional wet market. 36% of respondents of hypermarket prefer to go to the markets with their friends/ neighbors/ colleagues instead of go by alone, which has only 17% of the respondents chose that. On the other hand, traditional wet market is different. 36% of the respondents chose to go alone instead of go with friends/ neighbors/ colleagues, which only has 12%. None of them chose to visit the markets with the people who have other relationships. 4.1.3.Time Spent Table 4.13: Time Spent Figure 4.13: Time Spent From the data that obtained, majority of the traditional wet market respondent spent 30-60 minutes in the market, which occupied 49% of the traditional wet market respondent, followed by 1-2 hours (28%), 30 minutes and less (18%), and 2 hours and more (5%). While hypermarket respondents prefer to spent longer time in the market. 41% of hypermarket respondents spent 1-2 hours, followed by 30-60 minutes (32%), 2 hours and more (15%), 30 minutes and less (12%). For overall, 2/3 of traditional wet market respondents tends to spend shorter time compare to only 44% of hypermarket respondents spent less than 1 hour. 4.2Reliability Analysis Data of consumer perception have been collected in the approach of Likert scale, reliability of the data should be tested. Gatewood and Field (1990) said that reliability is the ability of the instrument in providing the consistent results when it is repeated used. Cronbachs alpha is the basic measurement for reliability and an alpha value of 0.7 is sufficient (Nunnally, 1978). All the store attributes will be tested in terms of the store attributes those contribute as the reasons of consumers to choose a retail store and also the importance level that respondents have given to the store attributes. 4.2.1Store Attributes as the Reasons for Consumers to Shop Following are the store attributes as the reasons for consumer to shop: Attribute 1 : Appropriate opening hours Attribute 2 : Near to place of residence Attribute 3 : Product quality Attribute 4 : Product variety Attribute 5 : Reasonable price Attribute 6 : Speed of purchase Attribute 7 : Satisfactorily service Attribute 8 : Spacious interior space Attribute 9 : Not crowded Attribute 10 : Clean and comfortable Attribute 11 : Good public transport available Attribute 12 : Car parking facilities Attribute 13 : Easiness on finding the product Attribute 14 : Habit Attribute 15 : Trust in vendor 4.2.1.1 Hypermarket Table 4.14: Reliability Statistics (Store Attributes as the Reasons for Consumers to Shop at Hypermarket) Table 4.15: Item-Total Statistics(Store Attributes as the Reasons for Consumers to ShopAt Hyperma

Walter Elias Disney Essay -- Biography Biographical Disney Essays

Walter Elias Disney Disney has become a household name in American society, but most people are not aware of Walt Disney's struggles before becoming one of the twentieth century's most prominent and successful animators and film directors. Walt Disney is best know for his characters Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Pluto, Goofy, and Minnie Mouse, but his company can also be credited with achievements such as the first fully synchronized sound picture, "Steamboat Willie", the first full-color animation, "Flowers and Trees", and the first full-length animated movie, "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". Walter Elias Disney was born on December 5, 1901 in Chicago, Illinois to Elias Disney and Flora Call. Walt was the youngest of four boys before his younger sister was born. At the age of five, he moved with his family away from the city to a farm near Marceline, Missouri. Walt loved his years on the farm, and his first drawings were of his beloved farm animals. Paper was scarce in the Disney household, so Walt's original drawings were done on toilet paper, one reason why his earliest works were never preserved. Around the time when Walt was eight, his mother gathered enough money to buy him a book for his drawings. Walt's father became ill, and during Elias's recovery, the Disney's three youngest children, Flora, and Elias moved to Kansas City. For more income, Elias forced Walt and his older brother and future partner Roy, to deliver newspapers. Even though there was an age difference of ten years between Walt and Roy, the brothers always remained very close. After Roy ran away, the youngest two children and the Disney parents moved again, back to Chicago, where Walt become the junior editor of his high school news paper "The Voice."... ...ied on December 15, 1966 from cancer, while Walt Disney World, in Florida, was under construction. Walt saw his company rise to greatness, but never in his wildest dreams could he imagine the legacy that he left in this world. Today, the renamed Disney Company still produces full-length animated features that children all over the world enjoy, and trips to Disney theme parks have become pilgrimages for the young and old alike. Works Cited: "Disney, Walt." Encyclopedia Britanica. http://search.eb.com/eb/article?eu=31135 Eliot, M., 1993: Walt Disney:Hollywood's Dark Prince. Carol Publishing Group. New York, NY. Mosley, L., 1985: Disney's World. Stein and Day Inc., New York, NY. Thomas, f. and O. Johnston, 1981: The Illusion of Life:Disney Animation. Hyperion, New York, NY. "Timeline." http://disney.go.com/DisneyChannel/z4/TheMagicIsBorn/timeline.html

The Beginning of Autumn :: essays research papers

The beginning of autumn It had been raining all day, and Irma had started to feel the symptoms of the flu. She always suffered during the season of allergies, and autumn always brought dust with it. At the end of the day, Enrique, her husband, came home and asked her to accompany him to Monterrey the next day. He was in the middle of a big deal of his professional career, and someone wanted him over there taking charge of his business, it was imperative he attend that appointment! It was the only opportunity he had or they would hire someone else for the new position. In her rushed packing she included some newborn’s clothes into their baggage by mistake. She had planned to stop by the hospital to pay the balance for her new daughter’s delivery scheduled the following month, but she wouldn't have time. They woke up early in the next morning and she felt worse with her flu and allergies, so she decided to take some medicine, â€Å"once we got there, I will be ok, and then we'll come back, and I will be able to rest† she thought. They arrived at the bus station and on the way Enrique bought a newspaper. The top heading read move to â€Å"NY Mets go into 1st place after trailing for 12 games†(citation. He got excited because his father had always followed the Mets very closely (Escobar). They arrived around 5:00 in the morning, and stopped for something to eat. Enrique’s appointment was schedule for 9:00 a.m., so they had enough time to get breakfast. She got out of the car, and she felt a little dizzy, but she didn't give it any importance. They entered the restaurant, and she asked for her favorite meal, â€Å"Machacado con huevo†. As she was about to take the first bite, she felt water between her legs. â€Å"Oh my God!!! Its time†, she screamed. Enrique paid the check without eating anything and asked for the closest hospital. As soon as Irma got into the car, she fainted. Enrique was so nervous that he overlooked the first hospital in sight and kept driving. Finally they reached a hospital and the helped him to get Irma inside. They didn’t even register but went directly into the delivery room. It took more that three hours to pull her child out; Irma was unconscious. Finally, the clock announced nine o’clock and he then realized that he has missed the appointment, yet the sound of the new baby’s screaming got him from his thoughts, it was their baby! It was a chubby baby girl that weighted 9 pounds!

Gender Roles and Fashion Essay

Most people feel that the qualities and characteristics we perceive as specific to gender are inherent by nature. In America, physical strength is stereotyped to be masculine, while emotional behavior is stereotyped as feminine. Any straying from these expectations is sufficient grounds for alienation. However, historian Howard Zinn has documented that gender roles are a part of a system constructed by the ruling class during the formation of our nation. The gender role structure in the US was designed in order to maintain a centralized, wealthy ruling class. In order to keep wealthy, white men in control of the economy, women have been constructed as inferior to men — physically, mentally and emotionally. In Judith Lorber’s article â€Å"Night to His Day†, Lorber explains that the definition of being a man or woman is comprised of more than apparent genetic information. â€Å"Gender† is a socially constructed status, which has the intention of â€Å"choosing people for the different tasks of society†(Lorber 55). Thus, ideas about how one should behave in order to fit into a gender category are learned, not intrinsic. As a society assigns people as â€Å"men† or â€Å"women†, this categorization denotes the accepted and preferred â€Å"personality characteristics, feelings, motivations, and ambitions† that create different classes and preferences for people (Lorber, 55). That is, the genderization system produces men and women who tend to have a â€Å"natural inclination† toward ideas, behaviors, and careers that help them assimilate to anticipated gender stereotypes. Parents, constantly in fear that people will not be able to dis tinguish the sex of their new baby, instinctually encourage dress, styles, and behavior that perpetuate the masculine and feminine labels from birth. The term â€Å"woman† itself was created by the masculine conception of what femininity should be. These criteria set up the dominant/subordinate relationship standard because women lacked the power to challenge the male point of view. Lorber suggests that â€Å"as a process, gender creates social differences that define ‘woman’ and ‘man'† through interactions and expectations of peers and family. As a stratification, gender ranks men’s work superior to women’s, regardless of skill or difficulty. As a social structure, gender organizes work habits both domestically and economically  (Lorber 60-1). For the average girl in American society, adapting to gender roles is taught in every single facet of life. The media, entertainment, and school cooperatively exhibit and promote gender assimilation. Barbieà ¤ dolls are the first toys I can recall playing with as a young girl. Her long blond hair, short skirts, disproportionately long legs, and spike heels set the precedent for how I would view true â€Å"femininity† throughout adolescence. By age six, my life became infiltrated by gender specific, â€Å"girly† activities. I: practiced ballet and avoided sports, painted fingernails, nearly always wore dresses with nylons, experimented with my mother’s make-up (rather unsuccessfully), joined Girl Scouts, grew out my hair to mid-back, and wished for everything to be pink or lavender. I was so excited and anxious for the day when the boys would†¦ finally†¦ notice†¦ me (sarcasm intended). Fashion trends and clothing styles, in particular, significantly aid the social construction of gender. The mere presence of a standard for the judgment of beauty automatically designates some group to be in control of the other. That is, individuals are constantly judging one another to make certain that they fit into the correct gender classification. Trendy, hip clothing are made for a very specific, minority group of women- narrow-hipped, small-breasted, tall, and skinny. The pressure to fit into these styles of clothes is unrelenting and produces insecurities and a poor body-image. These adolescent anxieties are not uncommon and can produce eating disorders, depression, and suicide. Joanne Finkelstein, in After a Fashion, explains that fashion can be seen as a device for confining women to an inferior social order. Throughout history women have been isolated from men by their fashion dues to society – women would risk spinal disorders from corsets, chronic foot pain and arch trauma from high-heels, and submit to a constant preoccupation of worry over men’s approval of clothing appropriateness. Fashions play such an integral role in how we judge one another – how much money we have, what music we listen to, how much education we have received – that any gender-bending fashions  exhibited by women are at best taboo, and at worst, unattractive to men (the alleged Ultimate Woman’s Worry). In many societies, gender is not considered a part of nature, but rather learned, acquired, or earned as a rite of passage. In some tribal communities, acquiring gender status represents maturity and responsibility. There is an unspoken agreement between American men and women that women will fashion their clothing and styles as part of a system that favors men. In part this system favors men simply by distinguishing a class apart from men, requiring someone to exist on the outside of an established social norm. John Lorber puts it best: â€Å"Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at† (Lorber 46). In a society where many women still do not recognize the inequalities of genderization, the pervasiveness of gender roles in America remains perpetuated and profound. Works Cited Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. New York: Viking Press, Reprint edition, January 1995 Finkelstein, Joanne. After A Fashion. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1996. Lorber, Judith. â€Å"Night to His Day: The Social Construction of Gender†. Paradoxes of Gender. New York: Yale University Press, 1994. Zinn, Howard. A People’s History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins, 2001.

Managers motivate workers

Frederick Hertzberg came up with a two factor theory of motivation also referred to as the Hygiene theory. According to Hertzberg, there are factors in the work place that cause job satisfaction and these he called them motivators. On the other hand, there are factors whose absence causes job dissatisfaction. The factors that cause satisfaction are a complete contrast to those that cause dissatisfaction. For instance whereas recognition causes satisfaction, supervision leads to dissatisfaction. According to Hertzberg, managers motivate their workers in the following ways:- recognition, growth, achievement job interest,   responsibility and advancement. These factors would make workers feel motivated in the work place. On the other hand factors such as salary, security, company policy, work conditions and supervision fall under hygiene factors. Their presence or lack of it does not necessarily motivate the employees rather causes dissatisfaction. (Michael, 2000) Responsibility: – When workers feel responsible for their work, they feel motivated. They need to be in touch to their work. The best way managers can motivate their workers therefore is by giving them more authority and autonomy over their jobs. Employees with good performance should also be given more responsibilities as a way of improving their motivation levels. Work itself: – Employees feel motivated when they feel that the work they do is significant and relevant. Managers should try to make use of what the employees have done so that they can be able to see that whatever they are doing is meaningful. Growth: – People desire to work more when the work is challenging as well as interesting. Managers therefore ought to make the jobs interesting and also challenging. The expected outcome of this is that the turnover rate of employees shall reduce. Failure to do this will cause demotivation on the part of the employees. (Harris, Desimone, 1994) Advancement: – Workers can be motivated through trainings and development. They feel motivated when something is done that improves their careers. Managers can also use Hertzberg’s two factor theory in the following ways to motivate their workers: Make workers specialize in doing specific tasks. This would make them become experts in their respective fields. Make workers to be more accountable in all that they do Come up with new and more challenging tasks Allow workers to perform whole work units to do as opposed to piecemeal work. With this, they feel motivated when the outcome of the work is associated with them.(Alkhafaji,2003) I do not agree with the fact that the hygienes are only associated with job dissatisfaction and not motivation. Look at remuneration/salary. Does it mean that one would not be motivated if his/her salary is increased? My answer tends to be a â€Å"yes†. It can be both a hygiene and motivational factor. The distinction of a factor being either a hygiene or motivator is not true. My second reservation is that when a worker is given someone’s responsibility that would motivate such a worker. In my opinion, this would bring about animosity amongst the employees. The role of a manager a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Manager as planner: – Managers play the role of planning the firm’s activities. They determine what is to be done, who is to do what how and when this is to be done. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Control: – Managers are the ones who control the activities of the organization so that they are performed as planned with the aim of correcting any deviations from the norm. c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Facilitator/ Coordinator: – Managers integrate the work of employees so that each worker performs his duties and that nothing is duplicated. REFERENCES 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   David M Harris, Randy L Desimone; Human Resource Development, Dryden press publishers,1994 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abbas F Alkhafaji, Strategic Management: Formulation implementation and Control in a Dynamic Environment, Haworth press, 2003 3. Michael L, Understanding Business Environment; Routledge, 2000